Four ring spun cotton yarns which are 30 tex & each of their length is 10 mm recognized as samples. At first, yarns are scoured in 10% aqueous solution at room temperature for 10 min. Then the yarns are rinsed with distilled water for 5 min. After rinsing, the yarns are dried in the electrical oven machine for 3 min. Silver nanoparticles are used here due to its conductive behavior. In the meantime, 0.3M AgNO₃ solution is produced. In this case, AgNO₃ is a solid substance. 2.54 g AgNO₃ is taken in digital balance &it puts into the 50 ml distilled water. The molecular weight of AgNO₃ is 169.87 g [17]. Theory of Malvern Zetasizer (Malvern Instruments Ltd, United Kingdom), the Synthesized nanoparticles had a size range of 10–15 nm which was determined by the nano series based on the light scattering principle of the Brownian motions of particles [1]. After completing nanoparticle preparation, 28% aqua ammonia is dropped into the AgNO₃ solution to make it transparent. Then a beaker is used to dip the yarn. Two clips are used to the top of yarn to remain it parallel position. Finally the dipping & curing processes are started. 5 min dipping & 5 min curing are taken in each cycle. Curing is done at 100 °C. Dipping & curing are continuing at a constant process. A cycle is completed after one dipping & curing. After fulfilling 150 cycle, 0.1 M glucose solution are put into the remaining AgNO₃ solution. As a result, maximum silver nanoparticles are associated with the fiber axis of yarn [1]. The schematic diagram of the overall procedure is shown in Fig. 1.

Finally conductive yarn resistor is produced. 1 cm stick is bound the yarn to rehash the conductive yarn resistor. A laptop source is used as voltage source & bread board is used for verifying KVL & KCL theory (Fig. 2) [18].

Figure 3 shows the SEM picture of cotton conductive yarn resistor.

Nanoparticles are deposited on conductive yarn. Here, top image of 1 µm and bottom image is 100 nm ranges silver particles are deposited on conductive yarn. Two types of magnification are available here which are micrometer range and nanometer range.

Figure 1.

Process flow of sliver nanoparticle deposition on cotton yarns.

Figure 2.

Conductive ring spun cotton yarn resistor.

Figure 3.

SEM image of ring spun cotton conductive yarn resistor.

Kirchhoff’s voltage law is: “In any closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop” [19]. The algebraic sum of all voltage value is zero in this theory. At first bread board is used to make circuit. Then the laptop computer source gives voltage flow and multi-meter is used to determine voltage value (Fig. 5).

The voltage values are originated from multi-meter. The circuit diagram of conductive yarn resistor is shown in Fig. 6.

The data of voltages are in Table 2.

Loop 1: voltage values are: -0.21kV + 0.20kV; (1)

Loop 2: voltage values are: +0.33kV – 0.32kV. (2)

The sum of voltages are: –0.21kV + 0.20kV + 0.33kV – 0.32kV = 0.

The Kirchhoff’s voltage law is proved by conductive yarn resistor (Fig. 7).

From the Fig. 7, it is shown that concentration & cycle remain unchanged in the graph as it is going parallel. For that reason total values of voltage are zero.

According to Kirchhoff’s voltage law, the graph is going to make a closed loop, because the values are at first in negative slope & then positive slope. So, finally it will create a closed loop.

Figure 5.

Conductive yarn resistor circuit in bread board.

Figure 6.

Circuit diagram of conductive yarn resistor.

Figure 7.

Graphical representation of voltage values of four conductive yarn samples.

Figure 8.

Graphical representation of current values of four conductive yarn samples.

The theory of Kirchhoff’s current law is one of the fundamental laws in electrical engineering. It states that total current which enters a circuit junction exactly identical to the total current leaving the same junction [19]. This paper verifies Kirchhoff’s current law by using conductive yarn resistor.

The data of current values are in Table 3.

Loop 1: Current values are: -0.03A + 0.03A; (3)

Loop 2: Current values are: +0.06A – 0.06A. (4)

The sum of current values are: –0.03A + 0.03A + 0.06A – 0.06A = 0.

Kirchhoff’s current law is proved by conductive yarn resistor (Fig. 8).

From the Fig. 8, it is asserted that concentration & cycle remain unchanged in this graph , but consequences of Kirchhoff current law this graph is going to make a closed loop as it is going parallel. The total values of current are zero. It is going through negative & positive slope based sequence. So, this graph will create a closed loop from the law of Kirchhoff’s current.

As here cotton conductive yarn is used as resistor, there is a relation between resistance & temperature. If the conductive yarn is not absorbed particular amount of temperature it will be burnt [20]. So heating durability test is important for cotton conductive yarn resistor. Temperature is given from 25 to 200 °C, then electrical resistance & conductivity are measured (Table 4).

The chart shows that when temperature is increased electrical conductivity is decreased & resistance is increased. In every cycle, time is remained in 5 minutes. Graphical representation of heating durability (Fig. 9).

Figure 9.

Graphical representation of heating durability of cotton conductive yarn.

From the Fig. 9 it can be said that, there is a disproportional relation between conductivity & resistance. It is acknowledged that metal shows this characteristics. So it is proved that after depositing silver nanoparticles insulator cotton yarn turns into conductive cotton yarn & it shows its conductivity through increasing temperature. Finally it is asserted that this conductive yarn is a heat durable conductive yarn. It is asserted that the resistor is using in KVL & KCL verification so that it is harmful to use in free hand without wearing gloves. Gloves should be taken of when experimental procedure is running.

The textile material which come in contact with skin where perspiration can generate serious discoloration. The test is designed to determine the resistance of color of dyed textile to the action of acidic and alkaline perspiration.

Needed reagent to make perspiration test:

1. 0.5 g sodium hydroxide 5 gm sodium chloride and 2.5 gm di sodium hydrogen phosphate are needed. PH is remained 5.5 at 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution.
2. Four cotton conductive yarns are recognized as samples. Specimens are placed between the two pieces of white cloth and sew along one side to boggle a composite sample.

Working Process:

1. Thoroughly a wet composite sample in a solution of pH 8.00 at the liquor ratio of 20:1 and it is remained in room temperature for 20 min. Pour off the solution and placing the sample between two glasses plates measuring about 7.5× 6.5 cm ² under 4 kg weight in force.
2. Treat the other samples in the same way but with the PH of 5.5. Placing the apparatus containing the samples in the oven for 3 h at 37 °C.
3. Separate the samples from white cloth and dry them apart in the air at the temperature not exceeding at 65 °C. Access the change in color of the objects and the staining of the white cloth in grey scale.

The result of grey scale is listed in Table 5.

From the table, it is cleared that color staining on white cloth is generated only 1–2 times. It will not create any harmful effect in human skin [6]. Finally authors experimented the conductivity of four yarns according to normal, dry, wet and room temperature.

In Fig. 10, due to convenience of drawing graph average values of fours yarns are taken. The values are seized according to different temperature. The Fig. 10 shows exponential relation between temperature and conductivity. Conductive yarn behaves like a conductive material. Here, temperature is increasing when conductivity is decreasing. Again temperature is decreasing when conductivity is increasing.

Figure 10.

Graphical representation of temperature vs conductivity.

It is recognized that business sustainability concept is put in three pillars. Economical environmental & social (light weight). Single morsel of carbon resistors weight is 0.001375 kg. On the other hand conductive yarn resistor weight is 0.0005 kg. Conductive yarn resistor is 0.000875 kg which is lighter than carbon resistor. People can use this resistor very easily. Now in case of economical position, from the India mart website & local market in Bangladesh, 2000 kg cone package of yarns price are 160 Tk (1 USD = 85.01 Tk). So, 0.0005 kg conductive yarn price is 0.00004 Tk. The additional cost is only chemical cost. AgNO₃ is used only 2.54 gm for four sample yarns. AgNO₃ cost is 1.40 Tk per yarn. Glucose cost is 0.25 Tk per yarn. Other costs are ammonia & distilled water. Ammonia is required one drop to transparent the solution. One solution is made for four conductive yarns so that the costing part of ammonia is very negligible. Distilled water cost is 0.25 Tk per yarn. Total cost is 1.9 Tk per yarn. In market, each carbon resistor price is 2tk per piece [21]. 10 cent is very much cost effective for bulk production. In 1 lot, at least 5000 pieces of carbon resistor exists. If it can be made commercially, it takes profit 1500 Tk from one lot of carbon resistor. Conductive yarn resistor is made from natural cotton fiber. Cotton is a cellulosic fiber [22]. It is one of the abundant natural fibers in the world. The qualitative properties of cotton fiber are biodegradable. It is disposed in the soil. But carbon is not biodegradable [23]. It emits CO₂ when it is closed at nature. From this perception, cotton conductive yarn resistor is environment friendly. So, it can be said that cotton conductive yarn resistor is a sustainable material. Apparently, silver is not as cheap as carbon. Carbon is an available material to make resistor. But In chemical processing cost of per yarn & costing of per yarn are lower than carbon resistor. The main advantage of conductive yarn resistor are its lite weight and flexibility.

In Fig. 11, category 1 is the conductive yarn resistor weight, category 2 is the conductive yarn resistor making cost, category 3 is the conductive yarn resistor profit from one lot of resistor & category four is the biodegradability which will hatch prosperous environment impact.

Figure 11.

Impact of sustainability from cotton conductive yarn resistor.