Appearance of CDWs formed using different methods: (a) flat electrodes in a capacitor structure; (b) voltage application to AFM probe; (c) flat electrodes in lateral direction of non-polar x-cut; (d) diffusion annealing with Li2O deficiency. Image (b) copied from [33] upon permission of Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society, image (c) copied from [18] upon permission of AIP Publishing, image (d) copied from [37] under CC BY 4.0 license

 
 
  Part of: Kislyuk AM, Kubasov IV, Temirov AA, Turutin AV, Shportenko AS, Kuts VV, Malinkovich MD (2023) Electrophysical properties, memristive and resistive switching of charged domain walls in lithium niobate. Modern Electronic Materials 9(4): 145-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/j.moem.9.4.116646